Method of erecting structures



June 26, 1934. N. GARRETT METHOD OF ERECTING STRUCTURES Filed Oct. 5, 1931 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 June 26, 1934. N. GARRETT METHOD OF ERECTING STRUCTURES Filed OCt. 5, 21.93?. 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 im f MM5/vm@ Wwf June 26, 1934. N. GARRETT METHOD OF ERECTING STRUCTURES Filed Oct. 5, 1931 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Patented June 26, 1934 UNITED STATES PATENT oFFIcE f 12 Claims.

This invention relates to methods of erecting reinforced cementitious structures and more especially to methods of erecting those structures characterized by spaced reinforced cementitious y 5 slabs joined together at spaced intervals by slab connecting members. The subject matter of this invention has particular reference to the types of invention described and claimed in my co-pending applications Serial Nos. 155,699, filed December 18, 1926; 257,357, filed February 27, 1928; 561,392, 561,398, 561,394 and 561,395, filed September 5, 1931; and 566,958, 566,960, 566,961 and 566,963, led October 5, 1931.

An object of the invention is to provide a method of erecting structures in which a plurality of units of fixed size may be used in a manner so that structures of any shape and dimension may be formed without the use of complicated forms.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of finishing openings in cementitious walls which eliminates the use of subframe members and to provide a method of securing window and door frames in openings in walls characterized by spaced cementitious slabs which eliminates the rough framing of openings preparatory to receiving the finished frames.

In the drawings Fig. 1 is a horizontal sectional View of Walls showing the rst step in forming a corner, the apparatus for forming the walls being shown in plan;

Fig. 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1 showing the method of completing the walls, part of the apparatus for supporting the forms being eliminated;

Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a slab connecting member;

Fig. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary plan view of the apparatus and wall formed thereon at a gap in the form panels;

Fig. 5 is a vertical sectional view of a wall with a oraminous type of slab connecting member;

Fig. 6 is a vertical sectional View of a wall with a block form of slab connecting member;

Cil

Fig. 7 is a fragmentary enlarged plan View of Fig. 5;

Fig. 8 is a fragmentary enlarged plan View of Fig. 6;

Fig. 9 is a sectional view on line 9 9 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 10 is a sectional View on line 10-10 of Fig. 11 is a Vertical sectional view of a framed opening;

Fig. 12 is a fragmentary perspective View partially in section showing form work for finishing a Wall opening; 1

Fig. 13 is a fragmentary elevation of a wall and apparatus for nishing a wall opening.

Before describing the method of erecting walls of any dimension with units of xed size and of finishing wall openings, I will describe the method of erecting just a straight section of Wall.

Referring particularly to the right hand portion of Fig. 1 and to all of Fig. 9, an alining sys- 6b tem is erected for the wall forms which is comprised of vertical pipes 1 supported by bases 48, short horizontal pipes 58, clamps 50 supporting pipes 58 on pipes 1, pipes 2 extending along one side of the predetermined wall position, clamps 59 70 supporting pipes 2 on pipes 58, rods 4 extending transversely of the area to be occupied by the wall, and clamps 5 holding rods 4 on pipes 2.

Reinforcing 7 is placed over and supported by rods 4. Backing is provided behind reinforcing 7 75 by placing panels 6 between vertical rows of rods 4 and pressing them against the reinforcing 7, thereby forcing the same tightly against clamps 5. Pins 8 are placed through holes in rods 4 and hold the panels against the reinforcing'7.

Pins 9 are placed in holes of rods 4 to engage the backs of a second row of panels to space and aline the same with respect to the first erected row of panels. Reinforcing 10 is supported on the ends of the rods 4 and held flat against the form faces by inclined strips 11. Each strip 11 is provided with a hole to receive a rod 4 and isl held in place by a pin 12 passing through a hole in a rod 4. n l

To extend the form work to a height greater than the length of individual panels,thepanels are placed on top of K each other and preferably held in alinement in the same manner as the panels on the ground.

A slab connecting member, hereinafter referred to as a tie 14, is formed from sheet metal strips into the shape shown in Fig. 3.

Ties 14 are inserted through openings of the reinforcing into the position between the form panels illustrated in Fig. 4. Each tie is supported at its ends by engagement with reinforcing 7 and 10. Ties 14 are placed both horizontally and inclined, as illustrated in Figures 9 and 10 to provide a web-like structure to coact with wall slabs in providing a wall adapted to act as a series of vertical trusses.

Reinforcing 7 and 10 is preferably foraminous sheet material, such as wire mesh or expanded metal of a type adapted toreinforce layers of plastered material. y 110 After the slab connecting members and layers of wire mesh are in place, Cementitious material is plastered over the form faces to embed the reinforcing 7 and 10 and thus form the wall slabs 57 and 64, respectively. The Cementitious material is forced into the recesses formed by the beveled faces 16 of adjoining panels to form projections 92 to securely embed the ends of the ties.

As soon as the Cementitious material has hardened pins 12 and strips 11 are removed, rods 4 are released in clamps 5 and rotated to drop pins 8 and 9, and the forms are removed. The wall formed is as illustrated by Fig. 10 and the right hand portion of Fig. 2.

When using foraminous slab connecting menibers 111 or block slab connecting members 112, the method of building a wall is the same as described, except that before the reinforcing 10 is erected the second row of form panels is temporarily held in place and the slab connecting members are inserted in the spaces between the panels and pushed into engagement with the reinforcing 7.

Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the method of coinpleting a wall where the gaps between panels is less than the width of a panel. This case arises typically at corners because of the difference in length between the exterior and interior wall slabs regardless of the thickness of the intersectingY walls. Y

A portion of reinforcing 7 is provided in position to reinforce the intersection of the interior slabs 57. Panels at 101 are held in position to act as backing behindV this portion of reinforcing 7, and panels at 102 are held in the position to form the intersection of the outer slabs 64 as shown in Fig. 1. Reinforcing 10 is placed over the form panels at 102. Cementitious material is plastered from the corners over reinforcing 7 and 10 to points 103 and 104, respectively, which points are spaced from the near ends of panels at 105, a distance equal to or a little greater than the Width of a form panel plus two rod widths plus half the diameter of pipe 106. The cementitious material applied to the other form panels is stopped on panels used at 105. After the plastered material of the corners has set, form panels used at 101 and 102 are moved to positions 107 and 108 adjacent to the edges of panels at 105 as shown in Fig. 2. Slab connecting members are introduced between these panels and panels at 105 in the usual manner. Other slab connecting members are supported on the reinforcing at the opposite ends of panels used at 107 and 108. Then Cementitious material is plastered to fill the gaps in the exterior wall slab, and simultaneously pipe 106 is used as a tool to shape the protuberance for embedding end portions of the slab connecting members. The same or another pipe is then placed in the dotted line position 109 and the gap in the interior slab is finished in a similar manner. The use of a single pipe 106 is particularly desirable in constructing relatively narrow walls.

In setting the form panels for any length of wall, the necessity of having forms of which the width may be varied an amount equal to the width of one of the form panels is avoided by usin T this method of shifting one pair of form panels. In the case of a straight wall, panels are set up l progressively starting at the ends of the wall unl vgapwould be as that shown in Fig. 1 if the form panel at 102 were replaced by the dotted linev lform panel at 110. The same size gap is left and filled as for the completion of a wall at a corner. After the corners and gaps in the wall have been completed the forms and form supporting apparatus are removed in the same manner as described with reference to the erection of a straight section of wail.

Reference is directed to Figures 11, 12 and 13 for illustration of my method of constructing reveals in a rough wall opening and of installing a frame in the opening. To form the rough wall openings the application of Cementitious material is stopped near the areas to be occupied by the doors and windows so as to provide edges of the wall slabs in position to define openings slightly larger than the nished wall openings are to be. Reinforcing 7 and 10 extends into these openings and additional portions thereof are provided where necessary to enable portions thereof to be cut and bent into the configurations shown inthe drawings. The reinforcing 7 is cut and bent to provide portions 95 which are bent against the inside face of the interior slab 57 at the bottom and sides of the opening.

A frame 97, preferably a standard type of metal frame, is held in position by supporting apparatus which comprises supporting members 113 placed against the interior face of the wall and extending across the opening, supporting niembers 114 placed against the exterior face of the wall and extending across the opening, rod y115 and nut 116 providing clamping means extending through the opening and being used to force the supporting members into supporting engagement with the wall, blocks 117 serving to space the frame where desired with respect to the supporting members 113, and clamps 118 supporting frame 97 and blocks 117 on supporting members 113. Supporting members 113 are preferably provided with straight portions for engaging substantial portions of the wall on each side of the opening so that they will become alined with the general surface of the wall. When thus positioned they provide a convenient basis from which to accurately position the frame in theV opening. By loosening the clamps the frame may be shifted into exactly the position that it is to occupy inthe finished wall and then the clamps may be Vtightened to secure it firmly in that position.

To provide backing for forming reveals at the sides and bottom of the opening, form boards 119 are placed between the frame 97 and edges of slab 57 as shown. Projecting portions 120 of reinforcing l0 are provided in position to reinforce the reveals. Cementitious material is 'plastered over the reinforcing 120 and against they form boards 119 as backing to provide plastered slabs 99 joining edges of the outside slab 64 to the frame.

l 'I'he projecting portion 98 of the reinforcing 10 at the top of the opening is provided extending inwardly to the frame as shown. Form boards 121, only one of which is shown in Fig. 12, are preferably supported on supporting members -114 by blocks 122, only one of which is shown. Cementitious material is dropped through the unnnished top of the wall onto form boards 121 toj form the Cementitious slab 123 joining the exterior wall slab to the frame. At the inside and top of the opening Cementitious material is plastered against the frame to form slab extension 124v joining the inside slab to the frame.

After the cementitious material has hardened, the form boards and the apparatus used forr supporting the frame are removed. The projecting portions 95 of the inside slab reinforcing are bent against the frame and plastered over with cementitious material to form the extensions 100 of the inside plastered slab joining the edges of the inside slab to the frame. A vertical section of a completed framed opening is shown in Fig. il. The details of the jambs are essentially the same as for the sills.

The plastered slabs 99, 100, 123 and 124 support the frame in the opening. The frame, when of the type shown, provides a metallic reinforcing around the opening. In this method of framing openings the use of expensive subframe members has been eliminated and the cracking of the plastered slabs due to the expansion and contraction of such subframe members has also been eliminated.

The method just described for framing an opening and forming reveals at the opening is a typical case which embodies the principles by which all types of reveals may be made and all types of frames installed in cementitious structures.

It is contemplated that features of my invention will be used in the construction of buildings where cementitious material is plastered on permanent backing.

Although features of my invention relate to the use of plastering methods, my invention includes features which are to apply to poured concrete work.

The term cementitious material is used to refer to any material in a soft state capable of hardi ening or to any material which was at one time in a soft state and has hardened.

While preferred forms of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that the drawings and the description thereof are to be considered as illustrative of, rather than limitative upon, the broader claims because it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes may be made without departing from the scope of my invention.

I claim:

l. In the erection of a cementitious slab formed against a row of form panels erected in edge to edge relation, the step of forming the slab over two panels and past a gap between the two panels, where said gap is of a Width less than a panel, that includes applying cementitious material over each of said two panels so as to leave a space in the slab thus formed of a width to be backed by a single panel, shifting one of the panels into 1 edge to edge relation with the other, and applying cementitious material over the shifted panel to complete the slab.

z. In the erection of a cementitious slab formed against a row of form panels erected in edge to edge relation, the step of forming the slab over two panels and past a gap between the two panels, where said gap is of a width less than a panel, that includes applying cementitious material over one of said two panels so as to form a slab and leave a space between the slab thus formed and the near edge of the other panel of a width slightly greater than a single panel, shifting said one of the two panels into edge to edge relation with the other, and applying cementitious material over the shifted panel to complete the slab.

3. In the erection of a cementitious slab formed against a row of form panels erected in edge to edge relation, the step of forming the slab over .two panels and past a gap between the two panels, where said gap is of a width less than a single panel, that includes applying cementitious material over one of said two panels so as to form a slab and leave Ya space between the slab thus formed and the near edge of the other panel of a width slightly greater than a singlepanel, shifting said one of the two panels into edge to edge relation with the other, placing braces at the edgesr of the shifted panel, and forming a continuation of the slab by applying cementitious material over the shifted panel and simultaneously embedding in the cementitious material portions of the braces.

4. In ,the erection of a wall characterized by two spaced cementitious slabs joined by slab connecting members and formed on a double row of form panels in edge to edge relation, the step of completing the wall over a gap in the double row of form panels, where said gap is of a Width less than a form panel, that includes applying cementitious material for both slabs over the panels adjoining the gap, placing slab connecting members at one edge of the gap and against the panels adjoining the gap 4at that edge thereof, shifting the other panels that adjoin the gap to a position behind the gap, and applying cementitious material to finish both slabs.

5. In the erection of a wall characterized by two parallel cementitious slabs joined by slab connecting members and formed on a double row of form panels, the step of forming the wall past a gap in the double row of panels and over the pair of panels at each side of the gap, 'where said gap is of a width less than a single panel, that includes applying cementitious material over the exterior faces of one of said pairs of panels so as to form two spaced wall slabs and leave a space between the portions of the wall thus formed and the near edge of the other pair of panels of a width slightly greater than a single panel, shifting the said one of said pair of panels into edge to edge relation with the other pair of panels, providing slab connecting members at both edges of the shifted pair of panels, and applying cementitious material over the exterior faces of the shifted pair of panels and embedding in the cementitious material as applied end portions of the slab connecting members.

6. In the erection of a corner of a building characterized by intersecting double walls formed on double rows of form panels, the method of forming each one of the intersecting double walls that includes placing an end pair of form panels in place to form end portions of the wall adjoining the intersection of the walls, placing a pair of transversely alined panels having the inside panel spaced from the inside panel of the end pair a distance less than the width of a single form panel, applying cementitious material over the exterior faces of the end pair of panels so as to form the portion of the wall adjoining the intersection of the walls and to leave a space between the portions of wall thus formed and the near edges of the alined pair of panels of a width slightly greater than a single panel, shifting the end panels into edge to edge relation with the alined pair of panels, providing slab connecting members at both edges of the shifted pair of panels, and applying cementitious material over the exterior faces of the shifted pair of panels and embedding end portions of the slab connecting members in the cementitious material as applied.

7. A method of finishing the side of an opening in a wall characterized by two spaced slabs and effecting a joinder with a frame within said opening that includes alining and supporting-forms between the frame and an edge of the inner slab, using the forms as backing to form a cementitious slab joining the outer wall slab to the frame, removing the form'panels, and forming a cementitious slab joining the inner wall slab to the frame.

8. The method of securing a frame in an opening in a hollow wall characterized by two spaced slabs that includes erecting a removable frame support, supporting a frame on the support, forming cementitious slabs to join the outside wall slab to the frame and to form part of the permanent support for the frame, removing the frame support, and forming cementitious slabs to join the inside wall slab to the frame.

9. The method of securing a frame in an opening in a hollow wall characterized by two spaced slabs that includes erecting supporting members against the exterior faces of Va wall, erecting clamping means extending through the opening, using the clamping means to force the supporting members against the exterior faces of the wall, supporting a frame on said members by using frame holding means, forming cementitious slabs to join the outside wall slab to the frame and to form part of the permanent support of the frame, removing the frame holding means and the clamping means and the supporting members, and forming cementitious slabs to join the inside wall slab to the frame.V

10. The method of securing a frame in an opening in a hollow wall characterized by two spaced slabs that includes erecting a removable frame support,r supporting a frame on the support, erecting removable backing yfor forming plastered slabs to join the outside wall slab to the frame, placing reinforcing over the backing, plastering cementitious material over the reinforcing and against the backing to form plastered slabs joining the outside wall slab to the frame, removing the frame support and the backing, and forming cementiticus slabs to join the inside wall slab to the frame.

l1. The method of securing a frame in an opening in a wall characterized by two spaced slabs that includes erecting supporting members against the exterior faces of a wall; erecting clamping means extending through the opening; using the clamping means to force the supporting members against the exterior faces of the wall; supporting a frame on said members by using frame holding means; erecting removable backing for forming plastered slabs to join the outside wall slab to the frame; placing reinforcing over the backing; plastering cementitious material over the reinforcing and against the backing to form plastered slabs joining the outside wall slab to the frame; removing the frame holding means, the clamping means, the supporting members and the backing; and forming cementitious slabs to join the inside wall slab to the frame.

12. In the method of making a wall characterized by two cementitious slabs braced together at spaced intervals by slab connecting members and formed on the outer surfaces of two substantially parallel rows of vertical form panels, the step of forming the wall past a gap in the rows of panels and over panels adjacent to the gap, where the gap is of a width less than a single panel, which consists in erecting two sheets of foraminons material extending past the gap to provide one thereof in place to reinforce one of the slabs and the other thereof in place to reinforce the other slab; applying cementitious material over the exterior faces of one of the pairs of panels at one edge of the gap; removing said one of the pairs of panelsA to leave space for positioning panels for forming the wall past the gap; placing a pairv of'panels in position. for forming the Wall past the gap; then, at both edges of the last mentioned pair of panels and from points exteriorly of the two sheetsl of foraminous material, inserting slab connecting members endwise through the side of one, at least, of the sheets of foraminous material and extending said members through the space between the sheets of foraminous material and into positions to brace the slabs together; and applying cementitious material over the outer faces of said last mentioned pair of panels and embedding end portions of the slab connecting members in the cementitious material as the same is applied.

NEAL GARRETT; 

